Fredric Jameson – Postmodernism

It gives examples of different artists like; Andy Warhol, John Cage, Phil Glass and Terry Tillie who started off in an expressionist format than went off to add some â€Å"punk and new wave rock into the rapidly evolving French nouveau roman fashions. † (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) With the visible and detailed architecture that emerged from postmodernism to ether implacable â€Å"so called international style† (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) of Frank Lloyd Wright works.From the simplicity, fabrics, contexts and surroundings he had analyzers, analyze how profound his work was with a term â€Å"Master† (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) with identifying its characteristics. The ending just brings forth the beginning of the chapter and talks about the relationship the public have with their historical knowledge. How one can cater to the arts in a very profound way with â€Å"emotion ground tones. (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) While others Just reflect on the artwork in a political stances and vase it off a â€Å"multinational capital,† (Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) which creates more space for new works to make money in a sense. Work Citied 1. Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, I Frederic Jameson – Postmodernism By Anises-Peters

Panera Bread Business Strategies Essay

â€Å"Thirty years ago, Ron Shaich set out to change the world by changing the way America eats. He’s done that with not one, but two successful restaurant brands. By co-founding Au Bon Pain, Co. Inc. and founding Pan-era Bread, Shaich shook up the industry by offering an antithesis to fast food – hand made, artisan food served in warm and welcoming environments by people you can trust. †(KANAI, 2012) This quote describes how Shaich and colleagues started to create their cafe bakery and change the way Americans eat. Pan-era was the first to come out with the calories on the menu board to ensure that Americans were aware of how healthy Pan-era was and the intention to re maim forthcoming about what was in the food we eat. Shaich and his colleagues did not follow the six step process they focused on the four areas food, setting, customers, and the workforce which made sense for capitalism. Shaich also thrived to make sure the customers and employees were well taken care of because they also played a big role in the success of Pan-era and lets not forget to acknowledge the community and their involvement in the success. Conscious Capitalism is an expression of how Shaich has found success in the restaurant industry if the whole society and corporate society would think of themselves as a corporation things would be better for everyone. Shaich is able to offer a word of advice if you were to get involved with conscious capitalism â€Å"Believe in yourself and why you got into it. Believe in those things that attracted you to the industry which makes a big difference in the lives of our guests. (ROMEO, 2012) For many years Pan-era has focused on the principal of conscious capitalism or what they like to call â€Å" enlightened -self interest† in two ways by delivering value to customers, vendors , employees, investors, and the community and to focus on a higher purpose above and beyond short term results. Meaning providing our customers with the artisan bread , delicious and nutritional food on a daily basis. Then Shaich and all his colleagues wanted to know how to challenge conscious capitalism and they figured out somethings that they are already doing like donating the day old bread to homeless.

Network analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Network analysis - Essay Example Having many connections would mean an opportunity from a businessman’s point of view. While it is true that a network could exactly do this, its general meaning does not literally mean that one must confine its application in the business context alone. A network is everywhere and since the earliest time of the human existence it already existed for as long as the presence of communication, interaction and the ability of social beings to relate with each other in myriad ways were remarkably present. Today, everyone has personal connection, but the good point with a network is the opportunity that one’s network could also be part of somebody else’s. No one could contest that if one would based it on the observation, this is the product of the ability of each individual to relate to everyone in a specific way using technological innovation. There are many ways on how to allow a person to relate with the other. In fact, today there is a maximum effort that people in itiated. Technology has played a crucial role in ensuring successful network. Apple Incorporated is just one of the companies trying to innovate possibilities on how to explore the ultimate potential and concepts behind a network. The presence of mobile gadgets, created to enhance communication is in reality tries to augment the full potential of the management context. In other words, a network in great detail has substantial application in creating social connection in the digital age and in the networked society (Papacharissi, 2011; Van Dijk, 2005). Network therefore nowadays is strongly powered by the existence of advanced technology and new technological innovations in the future. It would be easy to keep in touch with someone and to keep information flows around in a fast pace. In the presence of these advantages, companies, organizations and individuals learn to appreciate the fact that in the management context there must have many things that need to be considered when a ne twork has to be taken into account. A network is therefore a complex concept because technology which is constantly innovating tries to influence it in many ways. This means that a network changes dynamically as technology itself modifies its forms in a vigorous way. Network therefore is about connection, in which today’s advanced society could also mean as the use of technology in connecting people and allowing almost everyone around the globe to keep in touch dynamically in the most possible and even convenient way in the age of globalisation and digital revolution (Grewal, 2008). This is a stong image depicted by a society that has burly dependence on the emergence of technology and other related technological innovation that is particularly linked up with information. The emergence of social networking media is a fundamental example how network is integrating social and technological concerns. With the aid of technological advancement, it is now easy to connect everyone a nd be part of the whole network that allows each member to freely communicate, interact and exchange remarkable information. In other words, the emergence of major social networking platforms for instance is just a remarkable indication how people place the modern network into high level of exploitation. Many people have seen the power of the

Gangs and the Violence They Create in the Prison System Research Paper

Gangs and the Violence They Create in the Prison System - Research Paper Example In the light of these studies, correctional officers can understand the mechanism of gangs in prison and take appropriate steps to deter violence in prisons. The existence of gangs in prison poses numerous challenges for the jail authorities because these gangs are involved in creating violence inside prison systems. Gangs in prison are formed usually be former street gangsters and as such, formation of gangs in prison is inevitable because gangsters prefer to associate themselves with gangs because it enables them to continue their illegal activities even inside the prison. Gangs within prison become a source of grouping such inmates that share the same ideas or philosophies; or that share common criminal background. However, the possibility cannot be ruled out that gangs forcibly involve such inmates that were not previously part of any gang. Being a part of prison gang is not a temporary connection. Gangsters must remain loyal to the gangs they join in prison. The reason why gangsters naturally become members of prison gangs is that individual gangsters cannot perform the same way, as they would in a gang. The network of gangs may be affiliated with other networks in and outside the prison. This facilitates their activities inside prison, as a result of which much of the violence is created in the prison systems. Prison gangs are off-shoots of street gangs; however, the working of prison gangs is entirely different from street gangs. In prison, the gangs must operate within the limits of the prison walls and they do not have the liberty to run away or escape. They do not have their secret hideouts to plan and execute their actions. Moreover, due to the strict surveillance in prisons, gangsters cannot communicate or transmit their messages as they would in an open environment. Thus, they need to develop their specific way of communication through various symbols and signs. Using symbolic language is much safer than verbal or other typical

Critical Thinking Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinking Questions - Essay Example These principles include dialectical critique, risk, reflexive critique, collaborative resources, theory and plural structure. An exemplary example is the action research process that has been initiated in the Caribbean Windward Islands. This was after the Caribbean government realized that the process involved several organizations and numerous business groups. Therefore, an action research approach was recommended as the best alternative in this situation. There are several categories of evaluation studies that can be employed in a program. These six categories of evaluation studies include objectives-oriented, management-oriented, consumer-oriented, expertise-oriented, adversary-oriented and naturalistic and participant-oriented evaluations (Fitzpatrick, Sanders, & Worthen, 2004). These evaluation approaches are quite critical in certain programs. An objective can be defined as the declaration of a result that is to be accomplished (Fitzpatrick, Sanders, & Worthen, 2004). Objectives can be broken down into several precise declarations that determine the activities or means that attribute to the success of a program. Research asserts that the objective-oriented evaluation approach is the best methodology that can be employed in a writing center. This approach has a positive significant impact on the writing of students. In fact, this approach mainly focuses on the outcomes of the program. This approach is also accepted globally, and it is also easy to use, hence; it enables objectives to be set. However, the approach majorly overlooks some unintended outcomes. Management-oriented evaluation is normally geared to serve the decision makers. In addition, the success of the program is mainly based on the teamwork between the decision makers and the evaluators. This clearly asserts that the decision maker is the individual on which the evaluation is directed. This approach is useful in program management. It has been employed in educational

Manager in a Big Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Manager in a Big Corporation - Essay Example The product of Nestle mostly contains baby food, packed water, cereals, coffee confectionary, dairy products and snacks. It is considered that the company has 28 brands under its umbrella that includes well-known brands like Nescafe, Kit Kat, Smarties, Nesquik, and Maggi among others (Kowitt, 2010). It has also been viewed that the company nearby has 450 manufacturing plants that operates in more than 86 countries globally providing employment opportunities to more than 328,000 people. Nestle holds around 24.5% share of L’Oreal Group which is considered to be the world’s largest cosmetic group (Mulier, 2011). It is worth mentioning that Google have announced that it would name the next android after the ever popular chocolate wafer of nestle i.e. Kit Kat. However, over the year the company has been under varies controversies that have affected the brand image to a great extent (Kelion, 2013). Problem Definition Despite Nestle’s best effort to design, manufacture and sell safe and reliable products there stills remains probabilities that the product manufactured may contain dangerous and defective aspect and that may reach the consumer or the final customer. Correspondingly, there have been several instances when the company has to recall its products causing financial loss and hampering the goodwill of the company. Notably, a product recall is a situation or recall made by a company to return a batch or an entire production made of a particular product range usually resulting from the discovery of safety issues or a product defect (Foerster & et al., 2011). Product recall is usually a way of decreasing the liability resulting from... This paper stresses that unique liability challenges co-exist for every organization despite of conducting business in sales, manufacturing or distribution of products to the final customers. It is vital for every organization to provide the best quality product to their customers. In certain cases, it has been viewed that lack of proper operational aspects results in certain activities which sometimes affects the organizations brand image. Among all product recall is considered to one such corporate situation that could disturb a manager. The major reason behind product recall is considered to be resulting from lack of proper guidance and poor working condition. Additionally, it is believed that good knowledge of the standard packaging measures also leads in product recall by a company. This report makes a conclusion that in today’s corporate world Product recall is considered to be more prevalent that it was decades ago and has therefore become an inevitable part of business. In this competitive business world the issue of product recall plays a vital role as it not only helps in maintaining the leading position amid its customers but also helps in understanding the role and responsibility of an organization towards the society. With reference to the above discussion and finding obtained from the research conducted, it can be stated that adaption of modern technological aspects would serve as an effective way of mitigating the issues contributing towards the product defects and thereby reducing the challenges of product recall.

Genogram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genogram - Essay Example I became overweight as a child and still as an adult. However, my weight never impaired my abilities to function as I have always had many friends. My aunts and uncles on my father’s side exhibit symptoms of poor diet and low activity. Perhaps learning this behavior was modeling others in my family. Yet I have always considered myself to be a happy individual. This pattern was not something I notice until I performed a geneogram. My sister and I both had our first child at a young age. I believe genetics placed an increase stress on both of our pregnancies. My mother, sister and I all carry the gene that is associated with the development of sickle cell. My mother currently suffers from this disease. Knowing that this disease is present in the primarily females in my family brought an increased stress on both mine and my sister’s pregnancies. My niece was later born suffering from sickle cell. My maternal grandparent’s first child died shortly after birth. However, the cause of death was never quite known in full. In further my stress levels were elevated during pregnancy as I had began my second year of college. During this time period I was told that my daughter suffered from Down syndrome. This was concluded through an ultrasound. Due to my religious background I decided that I would not participate in an amniocentesis test or terminate my pregnancy as this is what the doctor advised. A mira culous blessing occurred when I delivered my son via c-section to discover that he did not have down-syndrome, or any form of a disorder. Instead I had a healthy baby that was perhaps the greatest blessing in my life. Perhaps I am most thankful for the religious upbringing my family provided me. If it were not for these religious beliefs I may not have had the greatest blessing in my life, my son. Further examination of my geneogram demonstrates the strong genetic tendencies towards diabetes exhibited in my paternal genetic composition. The genetic tendencies

Gun Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Gun Control - Essay Example They argue that it would assist them in fighting for their security. Opponents present with arguments that increased availability of guns would result in the falling of the weapons in the wrong hands and would therefore bring harm rather than benefit to the nation. The subject of gun control remains controversial in the United States and different rulings and researches have been conducted with regard to the matter of gun control. According to the National Vital statistics many people succumb to injuries resulting from guns and the data from the year 2001 alone highlighted the fact that 11,001 people lost their lives owing to firearm shots from criminals. In the same year, 16,455 people resorted to suicide by using guns. The great number of fatalities that result due to firearms has led to the marking of guns as the second death causing reason in the United States. Furthermore, it has been seen in the history of the country that many great figures have lost their lives due to firearm injuries. The killing of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy who were killed in the year 1968 uphold this fact. Despite of these findings, an interesting finding that has been presented is that the number of people who die to due firearm injuries has reduced after the year 1993 owing to the relaxation in gun control laws following this year (Gold 2004; Valdez 2003). The first and the most important ruling with regard to gun control got passed in the United States in the year 1939 by the Supreme Court of the country. According to the ruling the possession of firearms was restricted and personal firearms were not to be issued. The ruling has been subjected to many arguments since that time and it has undergone many changes since that period. Opponents of this ruling use the Second Amendment in their favor as according to this Amendment, "A well regulated militia, being necessary

Capacity Planning and Performance Modeling Essay - 1

Capacity Planning and Performance Modeling - Essay Example Various capacity planning or performance measurement software are distributed in the internet. One of this software is the Schedule It, which has been described as the ultimate software for use in the room, people, or resource planning strategies. The software can be applied in the planning and scheduling of any task, which requires detailed filtering or reporting. The software can also be used in the scheduling of reporting, cost analysis of each instance and also as an expense tracker. The software sends automatic emails and reminders and keep everyone informed if there are any changes in schedule. The software can run on different platforms including Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows XP. Many organizations will have systems that collect information that is related to capacity as well as systems that are employed to solve problems and implement both the capacity and performance functionality. Nevertheless, many organizations will fail to perform a routine check up on the trending and what if analysis. The what if analysis is one of the processes that may be applied to determine the effect of having a network change. Capacity and performance management helps to create an exception management where potential and existing problems can be identified and rectified before the customers or users call in pointing out the

Case study ( Examining Students Learning Development )

( Examining Students Learning Development ) - Case Study Example This helps the instructor plan for the activities in the lesson and the form of assessment that he will use to gauge the student understanding (Vinson, 2015). The domain chosen here was the science domain in the broad academic domain. Different children have different qualities and abilities. The term exceptional or special, therefore, covers both of the two groups and is a huge factor in teaching planning (Heward, 2006). It is unavoidable that in the process of teaching every instructor has the chance of working with some exceptional or low ability students or students with special needs. There is a need to provide for a package designed for these diverse students. Different characteristics of students with extraordinary needs and characteristics that influenced my planning included a child with dyslexia, who had difficulty in acquiring the literacy skills and felt abused by the other students due to her inability to learn. The result was that she felt demoralized and unable to participate in class since she felt intimidated by the others. The other student who influenced my planning was a child with Downs syndrome. Children with Downs syndrome usually take longer to learn in class and introduction of new concepts need to be done in steps. This child with Downs syndrome had difficulties in expressing himself verbally, which was also a necessary aspect to look at in planning my class. In teaching my science lesson, I chose an afternoon where we could have a long session in the lab. The lab was a necessary resource. The main reason for choosing this reaching context is its relevance in teaching science. In this context, I divided my students into groups. The student with Downs syndrome and the student with dyslexia were also grouped. The other reason for my choice of teaching context was the ease of using charts and hands-on learning in the lab compared to the class environment. The lab also

Greek Art in Ancient Greece and Faraway Lands Essay Example for Free

Greek Art in Ancient Greece and Faraway Lands Essay The classical period of Greece (490 – 323 B. C. ) saw the artists perfecting their style. Following Alexander’s conquests, ancient Greece entered the Hellenistic period (323 – 31 B. C. ) (â€Å"Timeline of Ancient Greece†). Of course, Alexander the Great was not the only god of the ancient Greek civilization. Ancient Greeks worshipped plenty of gods that were believed to have appeared to them in human form with extraordinary strength and beauty (â€Å"Culture†). Professor Harris describes Euhemerus as the philosopher responsible for presenting Greek myths as simple stories to his readers. Euhemerus’ interpretation of Greek mythology was considered radical in his times. It was he who wrote that Greek gods and goddesses were human beings to begin with. Because of their extraordinary feats or the cultural and/or social value that they added to life in ancient Greece, their ordinary humanity was turned into godhood in the minds of ancient Greeks (Harris). Thus, ancient Greek gods and goddesses were portrayed in painted scenes on stone, vases, and also with bronze and terracotta sculptures for the sake of remembrance. Although many of the ancient Greek temples honored multiple gods and goddesses, certain places showed greater reverence to a sole deity or a pair of gods, e. g. Olympia’s Zeus, and Eleusis’ Demeter and Persephone (â€Å"Culture†). For reasons described above, the ancient Greeks downplayed the divine aspects of their gods by giving them a typically human form, as the example of the Torso of Apollo reveals (See Appendix I). Made in 2nd century AD, the Torso of Apollo of marble shows young Apollo, â€Å"the Greek god of light, music, archery, healing, atonement, prophecy, and flocks and herds† (â€Å"Torso of Apollo†). The figure was popular with both Greeks and ancient Romans. It is an unclothed manifestation of perfection, splendor and courage with Apollo wearing a belt over one of his shoulders to which a case for holding arrows was fastened at his back (â€Å"Torso of Apollo†). By showing the god as distinctly human, the artist inspires into viewers the spirit to take Apollo for a courageous model and turn into heroes themselves. After all, Apollo was not only a gentle lover of the arts but also domineering to the extent that he was cruel to those who challenged his supremacy among ordinary mortals (Ingfei, 2002, p. 9; â€Å"Apollo†). What is more, he was intelligent and handsome enough to be taken as a model by the ancient Greeks. With the sun as his special symbol, Apollo did not only show physical courage but was also a supporter of intellectual pursuits (Leadbetter, 2004; Regula, 2009). He was known as the god of poetry, medicine, and intellectually enquiry to boot (Leadbetter). In other words, he was next to perfect. Athena Parthenos, too, was considered immaculate in ancient Greece. The Parthenon is a classical temple dedicated to the woman, considered the goddess of wisdom (See Appendix II). The temple was built between 447 – 432 B. C. on the Acropolis, which is in the capital city of ancient Greece, Athens. It has survived despite severe damage over the centuries (â€Å"Art,† 2008). Perikles, the famous politician of Athens, had championed the construction of the Parthenon (â€Å"The Parthenon†). Some of the architectural features of the temple have been described thus: †¦[R]ectangular floor plan with a series of low steps on every side, and a colonnade (8 x 17) of Doric columns extending around the periphery of the entire structure. Each entrance has an additional six columns in front of it. The larger of the two interior rooms, the naos, housed the cult statue. The smaller room (the opisthodomos) was used as a treasury. (â€Å"The Parthenon†) The temple was constructed with marble, and mainly represented the Doric order with features of the Ionic order incorporated in its sculptural program (Kerr, 1995). The Doric order gave Parthenon its series of ninety two metopes (with panels of sculptured reliefs depicting law and order and struggle); and triglyphs on its entablature. Additionally, the Doric order made the temple a peripteral, simple-looking structure with short and thick columns (â€Å"The Parthenon†). The â€Å"continuous sculpted frieze† of the Parthenon represents the Ionic order, however (â€Å"The Parthenon†). There are four tall and slim columns of the temple, too, that represent this architectural order which happens to support the opisthodomos’ roof at the Parthenon. The capitals or the columns’ tops that are built using the Ionic order have volutes, which are the names of the curlicues special to this order (â€Å"The Parthenon†). Above the metopes and triglyphs of the temple lie the pedimental sculptures, one of which shows the birth of Zeus – yet another god for the ancient Greeks (â€Å"The Parthenon†). The frieze of the temple, running â€Å"around the upper edge of the temple wall† and inside from the metopes and the triglyphs shows day to day life in ancient Greece, the rituals of the Greeks, processions, musicians, gods and goddesses, and much more (â€Å"The Parthenon†). Indeed, the place of the frieze in the sculptural program of the temple is unique, seeing as it does not only portray real life and beliefs of the ancient Greeks, but also gives the Parthenon a central place in the life of Athens. The temple was, after all, a place where religious festivals as well as sacrifices were held. Moreover, this temple gave Athena Parthenos a special place to stay for the protection and welfare of the Athenians (â€Å"The Parthenon: Religion, Art, and Politics†). Whether or not the ancient Greeks would consider it Athena Parthenos’ blessing that took ancient Greek art styles to faraway lands, the fact is that even the ancient art of the Nabataeans and the Arabs experienced the influence of Greek artists. Vries Osinga (2005) state that â€Å"[t]he Nabataeans at their height spread as far north as Damascus, to the coast of the Mediterranean at Gaza in the east and to Madain Salih in the south. † But, the Nabataean kingdom came under Roman rule in the year 106 A. D. It became an Arabian province at the time (Vries Osinga). The Nabataeans were caravan drivers on a large scale. Roman traders visited Petra even before the Nabataean kingdom was taken over by the Romans. These traders came to conclude transportation agreements with the Nabataeans. The latter traveled around the world with merchandise – â€Å"between the Red Sea and the Nile, and sometimes as far away as the Delta† (Sartre, Porter, Rawlings, 2005, p. 268). Unsurprisingly, therefore, their temples expose a variety of influences on the hearts and minds of the Nabataeans (Vries Osinga). Vries Osinga write: The many structures are so diverse that it is difficult to categorize them, at least without oversimplifying or overlooking what may be important details. Philip Hammond, who excavated the Temple of the Winged Lions, concludes that it might be more faithful to the diversity of the temples to see them not as derivatives of Iranian temples, Roman temples or other, but to recognize the borrowing of constructional and decorative technique and to concentrate on why each was unique. (Vries Oringa) Sartre, Porter Rawlings write that Nabataeans were so influenced by Greek art – following the Roman invasion – that they spread that influence in many parts of Arabia. Nude heroes of the Greeks have been found in Arabia and believed to have been conveyed there by the Nabataeans (Sartre, Porter Rawlings, p. 269). However, Vries Oringa have uncovered Egyptian influence in the temples of Nabataeans to boot. Describing one of the most significant temples left by the Nabataeans, the authors state: [T]he Wadi Rum temple took its layout from Egyptian models, specifically the Egyptian Temple Dayr Chelouit. The only reference to the Roman world would be columns of the Wadi Rum Temple. Dharih might also be kin to the Egyptian Temple of Coptos, while the Qasr al-Bint and the Temple of the Winged Lions find construction parallels there also (Vries Oringa). Then again, Greek and/or Roman influence seems to be most profound. Although temple plans of the Nabataeans do not appear typically Roman, decoration outside of the temples may be recognized as distinctly Roman and/or Hellenistic. As an example, the external decoration of Khasneh makes it appear as though it was built in Alexandria (Vries Oringa). Even so, Vries Oringa believe that the Nabataeans did not simply copy the designs that were handed down to them by Romans. Instead, they took influence in their stride, sometimes appropriating â€Å"the general structure,† but modifying and adapting it as time went on (Vries Oringa). In other words, they were open to influence, but also believed in maintaining their local traditions. Taylor (2001) agrees with this view. In her book, Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans, she explains that the Nabataeans did not make copies as slaves would. Rather, Greek ideas were amazingly transformed by the Nabataeans into works of art keeping â€Å"a distinctively Nabataean flavor† (Taylor, p. 92). No wonder, Petra remains as an incomparable feast for the eyes for all lovers of art. Vries Oringa write that the art of Nabataeans, in particular the sculptures they made, also changed from era to era; that is, even before the Romans came to rule the Nabataean kingdom, the Nabataeans went on altering their artistic style (Vries Oringa). Perhaps their visits to foreign lands brought such changes to the art of the kingdom. But, once the Romans had arrived on the scene, the Nabataeans did not only borrow the artistic styles of the Greeks but also others’. The sculptures of deities in Tannur, for example, appear both Hellenistic and Oriental. The Nabataeans also seem to have been influenced by the Syrian artistic style, as revealed through sculptures at both Dharih and Tannur (Vries Oringa). Although Hellenistic artistic style â€Å"of classical proportions† is most often cited as an influence on Nabataean art, there were plenty of sculptures made by the Nabataeans that did not appear Greek at all even though they were made while the Nabataeans were living under Roman rule (Vries Oringa). Vries Oringa cite â€Å"the simple standing block† as an example of such artwork. The fact that the Nabataeans maintained their local flavor in their artistic style shows that these people did not wholly lose their cultural identity at the time. Even the Romans may have delighted in the diversity revealed through Nabataean art, simply because the Nabataeans mingled with many peoples at the time. What is more, the adaptation of Greek art to new cultures must have been viewed as a triumph of ancient Greek artistic styles. After all, ancient Greek art continues to be celebrated around the world to this day. References Apollo. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://felc. gdufs. edu. cn/jth/myth/Greek%20Online/5Apollo. htm. Art. (2008). Ancient Greece. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://www. ancientgreece. com/s/Art/. Culture. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://www. crystalinks. com/greekculture. html. Harris, W. Euhemerus. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://community. middlebury. edu/~harris/SubIndex/greekmyth. html. Ingfei, C. (2002, Aug 2). The Sun also Heals; Some believe. International Herald Tribune. Kerr, M. (1995, Oct 23). The Sole Witness: The Periclean Parthenon. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://people. reed. edu/~mkerr/papers/Parth95. html. Leadbetter, R. (2004, Jan 31). Apollo. Encyclopedia Mythica. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://www. pantheon. org/articles/a/apollo. html. Sartre, M. , Porter, C. , Rawlings, E. (2005). The Middle East under Rome. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Taylor, J. (2001). Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans. London: I. B. Tauris. Timeline of Ancient Greece. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://www. aspasiaproject. com/timeline. htm. The Parthenon. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://academic. reed. edu/humanities/110Tech/Parthenon. html. The Parthenon: Religion, Art, and Politics. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://employees. oneonta. edu/farberas/arth/ARTH200/politics/parthenon. html. Torso of Apollo. (2000). The Detroit Institute of Arts. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://www. cartage. org. lb/en/themes/arts/scultpureplastic/SculptureHistory/GloriousScul

Effective Next-generation WAN Architecture

Effective Next-generation WAN Architecture WAN Architecture Get robust, scalable, and easy-to-use management tools that can handle the complexity of your multiservice and packet voice network.   WAN provides extensive, reliable, and scalable element management capabilities to help you rapidly deploy and manage services. The high-performance carrier-class element and network management product is deployed worldwide in some of the largest service provider networks. It can operate as a standalone system or can be integrated as an element using its northbound interfaces for highly efficient flow-through operations Enhanced operator workflow and usability simplify configuration, fault monitoring, and troubleshooting operations. The enterprise business is changing as new types of payroll systems.. As the number of branches continues to increase, the reliable and secure delivery of these evolving services demands a network that can similarly evolve to meet these demands and enable business success. IT professionals require higher network performance, scalability, availability, security, and service capabilities. The Branch-WAN payroll system architecture is developed to address these key areas of customer concerns. To meet these requirements, the Branch-WAN payroll system architecture features scalable and resilient network infrastructure, integrated security, wireless, and payroll system intelligence to provide seamless service capabilities that include Unified Communication, media collaboration, and data/Web 2.0. Architecture This is dedicated to delivering solutions that meet and exceed customers business and technology requirements by integrating best technologies, services, and platforms. The WAN Payroll system architecture is part of a comprehensive approach to providing an end-to-end enterprise network architecture. This model is known as Places in the Network architecture. The architecture addresses the differing requirements for systems design and deployment in the three principal network areas: the campus, the data center, Internet edge, and the WAN. See Figure 1 Figure 1: Architecture When discussing an enterprise network, it is important to consider that most networks are built from a discreet set of interconnected, architectural elements-each of which has its own requirements. A branch office, for example, may not have the same scalability requirements as a data center, but has a greater need for reduced form-factor devices with high-value integrated services. The typical corporate campus network offers users high speed and secure network connectivity, Unified Communication services, wireless services, and access to corporate payroll systems and databases. A well-engineered network must offer workers at branch sites the same network services as campus workers, to maximize productivity and ensure business objectives are met. The Branch-WAN payroll system architecture offers an end-to- end system design that delivers a flexible, scalable, and secure network that supports advanced network services for branch office workers. Figure 2: WAN Payroll system architecture (Frame work)   Ã‚   The WAN payroll system architecture shown in Figure 2 has the following layers: †¢Network Infrastructure-The foundation that provides routing, switching, quality-of-service (QoS), high availability, and other functionalities to ensure that the network is scalable, flexible, and resilient. †¢Integrated Security-This layer extends the corporate security policy to the branch, providing network infrastructure protection, secure communication, threat mitigation, and network monitoring across both the Branch and WAN PINs. †¢Wireless-this layer provides user network connectivity anywhere within the enterprise, giving employees greater flexibility, and increased productivity. †¢Payroll system Intelligence-this layer provides various payroll system optimization techniques using optimization (i.e., TCP flow optimization, data redundancy elimination) and control for payroll system classification and prioritization using QoS. This optimizes use of the WAN bandwidth and, enables branch users to access the same payroll systems as campus users, with similar user experience. †¢Management-this layer provides the ability to easily provision and monitor the network. With these layers, it is imperative that unified communication (i.e., Unified Communication), Media Collaboration (i.e., Tele presence, IP Video Surveillance, Desktop Video, and Digital Media Systems), and Data Web 2.0 (i.e., collaboration payroll systems) work seamlessly across the Branch-WAN solution. Technologies Considered Types: There are number of WAN technologies like point to point connection, circuit switching and packet switching. The WAN communication which is carried over a leased line is called point to point connection. In a point to point network the message from the customers end is traveled to the remote user via an ISP. Circuit switching is the data communication which is stared when there is need to communicate and it is terminated afterwards. It is like a telephone call. When the two users arte connected and identified, the data is transferred in other words voice is transferred. When the transmission of the data is complete the call is disconnected again. Packet switching data network is a WAN technology in which the network of the user is established in the carriers system. The examples of packet switching network include asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), switched multi megabyte data services (SMDS) and frame relay. Optimization The purpose of WAN optimization is to eliminate the flaws in the packet data transfer in shared WAN systems. There are many techniques of optimizing the WAN technology. These optimization techniques include duplication, compression, cashing, protocol spoofing, traffic shaping, equalizing, connection limits and simple rate limits. The process of duplication sends a reference of the actual data, this helps in preventing from data redundancy. In order to present data patterns in an efficient manner compression is used. The process of caching reduces the bandwidth up to 30%. The multiple requests are tied in one bundle using protocol spoofing. Traffic shaping controls the amount of data handling and also monitors and guides the data traffic. When the data is sent according to the priority of the data usage it is known as equalizing. Connection limit averts from the access grid locks in access points and routers due to the lack of service or peer to peer connection. Simple rate limits the users from getting more than the data which has been fixed for their use. The purport of WAN optimization is to overcome the difficulties such as expensive bandwidth and to decrease the users experience time. The scalability of WAN is nowadays an important consideration and hence WAN optimization is used to target such issues as well. The typical small branch design includes a 1.5 Mbps Ethernet private WAN connection. The router terminates the VPN and routing from the central site and implements QoS policy. The router also hosts the following integrated services: †¢Security (Firewall, IPS) †¢Unified Communications (SRST, FXO / FXS ports) †¢Payroll system intelligence The branch also includes a Layer-2 access switch with the following key features: †¢Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) †¢DHCP snooping †¢Spanning tree †¢Class-of-Service (CoS) on access ports †¢QoS †¢Port security †¢Dynamic Address Repayroll system architecture Protocol (ARP) Inspection Wireless LAN may be implemented with a router module or standalone controller/switch. New Issues The key to an effective next-generation WAN architecture? Match technologies and services to interconnection requirements. Herewith a blueprint: Data center-to-data center connectivity: Data center interconnectivity requires high-capacity, low latency links. Although multiprotocol label-switching (MPLS) can do the trick, its often an expensive solution. Telecom architects are increasingly turning to solutions such as carrier Ethernet (either point-to-point or virtual private LAN service, VPLS), or dark fiber or wavelength services. Seventy-one percent of organizations will be deploying some form of carrier Ethernet by the end of 2010, typically for data center-to-data center connectivity. Why? Three reasons: First is cost. On a per-megabit-per-second basis, carrier Ethernet can run 25% to 50% lower than other technologies. Second is bandwidth: with Carrier Ethernet, users are able to procure up to 10Gbps of bandwidth (the equivalent of 2.5 OC-768 circuits). As a result, as bandwidth requirements increase, carrier Ethernet becomes more appealing. Finally, theres the ease of deployment and management. Users report that carrier Ethernet is straightforward to install, and performs reliably. Right off the bat, it worked like a charm, says the CIO of a midsized professional services firm. Data center-to-branch, and branch-to-branch, connectivity: Most organizations (80%) have deployed MPLS, and plan to continue using it for site-to-site connectivity (at least for midsized-to-large sites). Some firms mostly leading-edge organizations are also looking at rolling out carrier Ethernet for the core WAN. The primary challenge? Availability. Carrier Ethernet isnt as widely-available as MPLS. Remote-site and micro branch connectivity: For smaller sites, companies are exploring a range of connectivity options. An Internet VPN is one approach (and one thats increasingly common). A more innovative approach is to deploy 4G wireless technologies, either direct to the router or to each individual employee. Again, the challenge here is availability: Most carriers are just beginning to roll out broadband wireless (in the U.S. at least). Another problem is capacity: Carriers havent designed their networks for use as wired-WAN replacements. References: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_architecture apparchguide.codeplex.com/ www.amazon.com/PatternsApplication-Architecture/0321127420

Mission and vision of Dell

Mission and vision of Dell Firstly what a company need to do is to check for few things that is for example competitor analysis, self-evaluation and situation analysis. There should be a proper evaluation and ones the evaluation is done the objectives should be set. The objectives should be such that the work in line with the time-line. Both the short-term and long-term objectives need to be set. The after setting an objective a mission statement must be set, corporate objectives as a whole, Strategic business unit objectives which will involve both strategic and finance, and tactical objectives. One the objectives are formed on the basis of the objectives be analysed situational and upon that a strategy plan can be suggested. Plan will provide details of what are the objectives and can they be achieved. Strategy Evaluation: It is very important to have a SWOT analysis to know the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats both internal and external This will help us to make few changes in the strategy and even help to change the strategy. In corporate strategy, Johnson, Scholes and Whittington present a model in which strategic options are evaluated against three key success criteria: [3] Suitability Feasibility Acceptability STRATEGIC POSITION OF THE COMPANY We are going to talk about the company DELL Computers which is one of the leading companies which is dealing with the production and distribution of pcs and laptops to the for private,corporate and in the government sectors.It has acquired a large amount of the U.S market and it has now penetrated into the Asian markets leaving a competitive edge. Dell is ranking 12th in the global fortune 500 list of companies.so it is a successful global company and a pioneer of its field.It is the first of its kind to manufacture computers with an intel Pentium core 2 duo, dual core and now the latest quad core processor computers.Also it is worth noting that the company mekes huge profits with less amount of inventories with the help of the latest technology.When compared this aspect with its competitors then it can be noticed that many companies are still struggling to widen their processor ranges.So this company strategically builds around a strong intra and inter networking which helps the company to achieve a competitive edge.Also the laptops of Dell can be personalized and used for professional and private purposes.The customer can select a design that is unique to his or her laptop using the personalisation settings either online or in person at the shop.This is the unique feature provided by the sole company.Also the keys of the lap top can be designed in the way they are used to allow for more ease during the usage. This build-to-order approach allows the company to maintain low inventory levels and integrate emerging technologies into systems. MISSION AND VISION FOR DELL-CODE OF ETHICS The mission of dell is to make the optimum use of all the resources and other the macro ,micro and the internal environment in providing the best quality products and services and the best customer experience of the best value.It is considered to be a practical and a feasible mission as it talks about today and not the future.What is included in the mission is the customers and the services which means it is talking about the present . The vision of DELL is to provide structurally and functionally efficient computers to visually impaired individuals globally.It is the vision of the company and thinks about the future. The code of ethics for dell is to incorporate and inculcate social,economic environmental and corporate responsibility in all the activities of the company so as to deliver high values to the society from the company as a whole. STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATIONhttp://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQeSnn1MFmVrwWcHAqM0No11QLK3Xfifw3S5_N_X9G4ZUpLAdUt=1usg=__53BnH-BdW91zrDsaImwcxPGSp9c= Dell has targeted corporate relationship customers that had predictable, budgeted needs and that wanted a predetermined set of product models. The company also selected individual customers who were high-end, repeat purchasers with a preference for early technology adoption. Effective operations require powerful technical capabilities, customer knowledge, and the ability to fit into the customers organization and work processes their unique customer knowledge and customer relationships created a set of barriers to entry that others could not overcome.. Dell differentiated itself in the corporate market by developing a set of extremely effective customer-specific intranet Web sites. Each Web site was highly tailored to the customers individual situation. Dell worked with each customer to specify a particular set of product configurations that would work best in the customers network. Tailored offerings were specified and developed for each customer. At the same time, Dell used its dir ect links with both corporate and individual customers to get immediate review of the customer needs and to identify new generations of products and services. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQXaU1GtjJ3TC0MMFIBLyfFn9yW-Vh_AvivuAKfhKLvRytykG4t=1usg=__Y_XDtLm7ogV4p8tc7qh06Y_MYPM= STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION WAYS Dell had to find a way of operating with no inventories in order to raise desperately needed cash. The basis of this model is to match the supply and chain demand in which all the managers from the sales, marketing,purchases,production collectively decide the companys activities.This gives Dell liquidity and responsiveness to match the supply and chain demand instantly to emerging customer needs and market trends. Supply chain managers employ a powerful set of strategy creation and change-management skills to successfully lead their companies. The key to successful implementation of the new business model is to utilize a team approach . These managers should be given detailed information that enables them to identify the causes of poor or good performance in their respective subunits. In this organizational structure, they will have the coordination and flexibility to make the many adjustments that come with the complex task of implementing the new business model. Dell has used the t eam approach very effectively not only in creating its masterful strategy but also in ensuring business model alignment on an ongoing basis. Dell makes computers in three hours but has a 60-day lead time for components. OUTLINE OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN Strategic Planning Framework: Scan the environment; Determine the criticla implications; Develop the desired future state; Assess the current state; Do a gap analysis; Develop the strategies to move forward; Outline implementation In order to balance the system, Dells top manufacturing and marketing executives meet weekly as a team to determine which products are makable that week. Dell manages demand by using day-to-day price changes and sales rep incentives to steer customer orders to the makable product Dell maximizes its capabilities by outsourcing component-part manufacturing. Dell invests heavily in the information technology infrastructure that could bridge the gap between them and the customers. Dell streamlines its operations and relies on its computer monitor suppliers to ship directly to the customer. As long as a supplier retains its strategic position, Dell will collaborate with it to achieve mutual success, but if a particular supplier loses its edge, Dell has the flexibility to respond quickly and customer focused to ensure Dell continued competitiveness. In addition, customers are important assets to Dell as the company as a whole. STRATEGIC PROCESS DELLs strategy is collapsing profit margins throughout the PC market, a dire development for rivals who cant keep up. DELL is pricing its machines not so much such as high-tech products but more like airline tickets and low margin commodities. DELL has tight competency with other big computer sellers like Compaq and HP. Social factors also affect the business environment of DELL. Computer companies have to acknowledge that in the Chinese culture, people are still unsure about credit card sales because of the huge expense of computers in China. Companies, then have to invest in door-to-door or face-to-face operations to gain consumers faith and consumers trust in the company and its product. DELL also has achieved the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS). DELL aims at product design, transportation and so on. As a part of DELLs ISO 14001 EMS, the organization implemented goals where by the goal is to improve internal business environment performance in a continuous improvem ent processes which are used to share successes throughout the company. DELL has positioned to extend its brand name beyond mainstream computer products by leveraging its reputation as an e-commerce leader. In the year 2000, Dell began to redefine itself as the company that knows how e-business works. It has shared its online sales expertise with a few large customers as they developed their own e-commerce capabilities. DELL faces some forces from its competitors in terms of Information Technology as the EDI tool gives very effective opportunities in reducing costs and it can establish the tight linkage between DELL with its suppliers and DELL with its customer. DELL started selling its own brand of handheld computers, called the Axim, at low price which can be considered as high potential and CEO, Mr. Michael Dell stressed how DELLs success lay in making it as easy as possible for someone to buy a computer. There are some applications that are currently being used by DELL and they are critical to the core operations of DELL business and the DELL direct which are its operational factors for success. Some applications that are currently being used by DELL that are valuable but are not considered for certain critical success. It is not surprising for Dell to determine where it wants to go in the future, it must assess where it is now as a part of the strategic planning process managers can call on the SWOT team for assessing Dell strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, a critical phase in the general planning process as it helps determine exactly where the organization is and what resources it may or may not have. Strength assessment identifies what the department tends to do well and can include a skilled, professional staff and a modern, well-equipped facility. Weaknesses denote what the company may not do so well or what diminishes its effectiveness. Inadequate financial resources may fit into this category. Opportunities reflect what the organization might seize upon to do better. This area could include increasing community interactions and taking advantage of particular grants. Finally, threats are environmental factors that may hinder performance as it could include a rising demand for se rvice or increased legislative mandates that can impact resources. Managers should consider SWOT analysis for issues both external to the organization, such as population growth and increased industrialization and internal to it, such as an aging workforce that might result in competing priorities for resources. SWOT analysis constitutes one of the most important aspects in the strategic management process THREATS DELLs threats are technological changes that are expected since technology can only get better. Global economy and increased competition in which DELLs financial ratios identifies that they are no match for their competitors. OPPORTUNITY DELL has many opportunities such as potential growth in overseas markets, the industry is still in a growth phase and the entering   to the new product markets. WEAKNESS DELLs weaknesses are single sourcing, new product market and reliance on corporate clients. STRENGTHS Strengths are internal resources and capabilities that have the potential to be core competencies. DELLs core competencies are their cost strategy. In consistent to being an integrated cost leader, DELL also produce high quality PCs by using their Direct Business Model approach and sells them directly to the customers. With this innovative process, DELL cuts out the intermediary, excluding the associated cost as the company can understand the customers needs better and can provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs. Just as in legal disputes, there is often a high risk-adjusted cost in waging price or market-share battles, the same as in litigation. Competition, a combination of the words cooperation and competition, has become quite popular in recent years. Many companies understand the vicious cycle of trading customers at lower and lower margins in order to gain market share or win on price. In terms of designing a competitive intelligence system, it doesnt have to be overly complex. You first need to define the competitive areas that are important at an offering, market and company level. Second, make someone accountable for monitoring each area. Third, determine the best sources to collect info competitor Web sites, trade journals, press releases, financial reports, etc. Finally, create a few pro forma competitive intelligence reports that you can use to evaluate and track trends and material changes. Dells ability to change prices and delivery times on the fly has been leveraged effectivel y to manage demand based on component availability over the common components. CONTROL AND MONITORING MEASURES To build customer intimacy and loyalty, Dell leverages its customers knowledge of their own unmet needs. Dells brand image was and is shaped by customer feedback. Identifying the linked set of assets enables Dell to select strategy-focused, asset-based balanced scorecard measures that support the customer intimacy value proposition include: Æ’ËÅ"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Training dollars spent per full-time equivalent by customer segment to ensure that well-educated business segment managers provide state-of-the art advice to customers Æ’ËÅ"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Number of collaborative customer-solution teams that motivate Dell to collaborate with its customers and jointly create technology solutions that fulfill any unmet customer needs Æ’ËÅ"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Number of emerging technologies evaluated inspires Dells leaders to stay abreast of technology threats and opportunities that may alter the competitive landscape in the future. Word count:2169

Custom Written Term Papers: Othello’s Feminine Roles :: Othello essays

Othello’s Feminine Roles  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The audience finds within the Shakespearean tragic drama Othello several female characters who figure into the plot of the play. Their roles are varied and their lives end tragically.    Alvin Kernan’s â€Å"Othello: an Introduction† explains Desdemona’s role as a model of faith and chastity for the protagonist who converts to a belief in her after her death:    His willingness to speak of what he has done – in contrast to Iago’s sullen silence – is a willingness to recognize the meaning of Desdemona’s faith and chastity, to acknowledge that innocence and love do exist, and that therefore The City can stand, though his life is required to validate the truth and justice on which it is built. (81)    In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley explains the roles of the two main women characters in the play:    Even the risk of alienating the onlooker from the tragic action produces a corresponding gain: that action and behaviour remain in the play perennially controversial, and the focus of sexual and social awareness sharp and clear. In a production today, the implications of this are usually more interesting than the actual intrigue can be, and a lot of weight is usually put on Emilia’s role as a figure of common sense and common humanity, correcting the romantic excesses of the lovers. [. . .] But no figure in these three tragedies has such a symbolically positional status. Besides, Emilia, for all her virtues, has a stupidity and lack of imagination comparable in its own way to that of her husband; while her views on the sex war, from the feminine angle, are as pungent as his. Certainly the role of women is important, but it is Desdemona alone who, because of her love, can remain unconscious of the tragedy/comedy element, as she does of the polarity between sex and love. (218)    At the outset of the play Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken the senator with loud shouts about his daughter’s elopement with Othello. This is the initial reference to the role of women in the play – the role of wife. In response to the noise and Iago’s vulgar descriptions of Desdemona’s involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed.

Thinking and Decision Making Essay -- Critical Thinking

Thinking and Decision Making When it comes to the reasoning and problem solving of any issue there are various ways to come to a decision; thinking is the mental process that allows the people in the world to deal with it effectively, according to set goals, plans, ideas, and desires. Thinking involves the gathering of information that forms concepts and engages in problem solving, reasoning, and making precise decisions for the benefit of whom is concerned. Thinking according to Kirby and Goodpaster (2007),"is an internal mental process that uses information as input, integrates that information into previous learned material and the result may be knowledge or may be nothing". Creative thinking, logical thinking, and persuasive thinking are three types of thinking. Each of these types of thinking affects the critical thinking process in various ways. The three thinking types will be compared and contrasted, as well as applied to affects they have in the critical thinking process. Every person has a primary style of thinking that is used most to help in his or her decisions. Finally, critical thinking will be applied to the decision making process by using workplace examples. Creative Thinking This is one of the types of thinking styles. Creative thinking involves creating something new or original. It involves the skills of flexibility, originality, fluency, elaboration, brainstorming, modification, imagery, associative thinking, attribute listing, metaphorical thinking, and forced relationships. The aim of creative thinking is to stimulate curiosity and promote divergence. When an individual learns to expand their way of thinking to incorporate metaphorical ideas, they will spark the creative thinking process... ... way. The important thing is that we become more aware of which learning style and thinking style works best for us. Once we know our own style, we can then analyse the others. This will help us understand other people better. It will make us more flexible. And perhaps we can all pick up tips from each other on how to be more effective. References Kirby, G.R. & Goodpaster, J.R. (2007) Creative Thinking. Fourth Edition Thinking. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Albrecht, K. (1984) Brain Building: Easy Games to develop your problem solving skills. Prentice Hall. Audiblox. (n.d.). Logical thinking: Helping children to become smarter. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. http://www.audiblox.com/logical_thinking.htm Schafersman, S. D. (1991). Critical thinking: Introduction to Critical Thinking. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. http://www.freeinquiry.com/critical-thinking.html

Essay on The Pardoner of Chaucers Canterbury Tales :: Pardoners Tale

The Canterbury Tales - The Pardoner The Canterbury Tales is a poetic story of a group of people, who were going to pilgrimage. They were going to the tomb of St. Thomas a Bechet in Canterbury, which is about sixty miles from London in England. In that group, there were clergy and laity people. And in the poem Chaucer described all of them so well that we can easily see the picture of how they lived and how they behaved in manners of work and other ways of life. And while he was describing, he also criticized some members of the clergy position, because of their abusing of their position and doing things that they were not supposed to do, or not doing something they were supposed to do in their position. Among those people whom Chaucer criticized very much were the Friar and the Pardoner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the medieval society, where people were very religious, illiterate and superstitious, the Friar was respected as God himself. The Friar’s job in the church was to help people, who committed crime, by giving them a guide to pray for a certain time so that they can receive absolution. But the Friar in the Canterbury Tales was not honest and dedicated in doing his job. He abused his position by taking money from people who came to confess. He told them that they would get absolution if they pay him and thus broke the vow of obedience because it is against the Catholic Church. He broke the vow of chastity by having adulterous relationships with other women. By wearing expensive clothes, spending his time with wealthy people rather than helping beggars or sick lepers, he broke the vow of poverty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Pardoner is a person who says prayer for dead people so that the sins they had committed in life would   be forgiven. The Pardoner of The Canterbury Tales abused his position by selling some papers which he claimed if people bought, their time in purgatory would be shortened after death; he sold them for very high price. He also claimed that he had Virgin Mary’s veil, which would have been 1330 years after Mary died. He also claimed that he had St. Peter’s sail and said the pig bones, he always carried with him, were relics of St. Peter. Chucer also criticized him by implying him as a homosexual by referring him to a gelding or a mare.

Should we reinstate the Selective Service Draft or continue to rely on a volunteer army?

This paper seeks to determine whether the Americans should reinstate the Selective Service Draft or continue to rely on a volunteer army. This paper posits that it is more advantageous to rely on volunteer army than military draft. . No need to reinstate the military draft One of the strongest arguments why America need not reinstate the Selective Service Draft and instead continue to rely on volunteer army is the positions presently taken by the Bush Administration.Burns said, â€Å"The Bush administration sees no need to reinstate the military draft, but it is pushing for improved Pentagon management of the 1.4 million-strong force in order to meet wartime needs, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said Thursday. † He further quoted Rumsfeld saying , â€Å"†I don't know anyone in the executive branch of the government who believes it would be appropriate or necessary to reinstitute the draft,† to the Newspaper Association of America's annual convention. † The system of military conscription that was abandoned in 1973 just came from some members of Congress on whether the long-term nature of the global war on terrorism might require a return to same. It was Sen.Chuck Hagel, R-Neb. , who raised the possibility that compulsory military service might be necessary. Burns quoted Hagel as seeing the nation as engaged â€Å"in a generational war here against terrorism† and â€Å"It's going to require resources. † The main argument of Sen. Hagel was for burden sharing, hence, he was quoted as saying: â€Å"Should we continue to burden the middle class who represents most all of our soldiers, and the lower-middle class? † â€Å"Should we burden them with the fighting and the dying if in fact this is a generational – probably 25-year – war? â€Å"Burns found Rumsfeld not addressing the issue of burden-sharing, except to say the old system of conscription had â€Å"a lot of difficulties,† including lo opholes that permitted many to avoid being drafted. Rumsfeld was found to have said that the military simply does not need to abandon its all-volunteer approach and to have said the following statement, â€Å"†We have a relatively small military. We have been very successful in recruiting and retaining the people we need†¦ Although the military is strained by its commitments in Iraq and elsewhere, it is working on ways to get more combat power out of the existing force.† Burns also reported Rumsfeld arguing that the Army, for example, is reorganizing to increase the number of combat brigades from 33 to as many as 48 over the next several years and the Pentagon is finding ways to pull troops out of jobs that could be done by civilian Defense Department workers or government contractors, thus freeing more troops for combat-related duties (Paraphrasing made) . Hence it would mean that there is no need to reinstate the Selective Service since under the present circumst ance, volunteer army is a possible option.In trying therefore to analyse the statements of Rumsfeld, Selective Service draft should only come as an option if the present number of army could not be augmented through other means like pulling troops out of jobs that could be done by civilian Defense Department workers or government contractors. Why resort to compulsory service then when there are easier ways. As state earlier, the main argument for selective service is the shared burden principle between rich and poor. Equitable Spread of burden of military serviceGreenberg, David (2003) said that the proposal for selective service by Rep. Charles Rangel, D-N. Y. is based on the argument that in our anomic culture we need mandatory service to instill common values, provide a shared experience for young people of all races and social stripes, and equitably spread the burden of military service. Hence, in writing in the New York Times, Greenberg found Rangel recently to have urged a â⠂¬Å"return to the tradition of the citizen soldier,† and arguing that â€Å"if we are going to send our children to war, the governing principle must be that of shared sacrifice.† (Paraphrasing made). Greenberg further said, â€Å"Cries like Rangel's have arisen in every war and quite often in peace as well. In 1940, inaugurating the first-ever peacetime draft, Franklin Roosevelt argued that the new policy â€Å"broadened and enriched our basic concepts of citizenship. † A quarter century later, Lyndon Johnson called the draft â€Å"a part of America, a part of the process of our democracy. † Indeed, appeals to patriotism and democracy have often accompanied the imposition of mandatory sacrifice. † Equality contradicting libertyThe laudable purpose of equality is not however unopposed because of the element of coercion which convinces many that equality need not liberty. Thus, Greenburg agreed difficulty of selling conscription because equality coul d be contradicting liberty. He said, â€Å" Despite these fine words, though, conscription has always been—and probably will always be—a tough sell. The reason isn't that Americans crave an unjust system, although they haven't shown too much regret over the draft's inequities. Rather, the draft's perennial unpopularity stems from an abiding national regard for freedom from state coercion.For all Rangel's rhetorical bows to the â€Å"citizen soldier† and â€Å"shared sacrifice,† his proposal addresses America's historic concern for equality but skirts its even more primary veneration for liberty. † As to the validity of the claims equality in the sharing the burden, perhaps it would be proper to take a look at the past. Had people readily accepted conscription in the past? Greenburg said â€Å"Indeed, the notion of the citizen soldier of the Revolutionary War to which Rangel hearkens—the common man trading plowshare for sword to fight an imm inent threat—actually points up the flaws in the argument for conscription.The Revolution's vaunted Minute Men were, after all, volunteers who needed no official prodding to take up arms against a threat to their liberty. The Continental Army certainly had its manpower problems—in the winter of 1776, Tom Paine decried the â€Å"summer soldier and the sunshine patriot†Ã¢â‚¬â€but even in those trying times, states rejected George Washington's plea for national conscription. When individual states did hold drafts, they allowed wealthy conscripts to hire substitutes, who were predominantly poor and unemployed. Service was hardly a shared experience. †If President Washington plea for national conscription was rejected when the country needed the citizen then to defend it was rejected, would it be easier to accept today? Could this happen with Bush administration when his defense secretary was saying that there is no need for military draft? But going back stil l in the past, it was found that draft really existed but it was just temporary to address an emergency. Thus, Greenburg added , â€Å"Whatever problems hobbled the Continental Army, the new nation's founders remained convinced that state encroachment on personal freedom was the greater danger.The Constitution's drafters conferred on Congress the power to â€Å"raise and support armies† but not to conscript citizens—an omission notably at odds with the practice in Europe. Virginia's Edmund Randolph, one of the few founders to raise the issue during the constitutional debates, argued that a draft would â€Å"stretch the strings of government too violently to be adopted. † Such sentiments carried the day even when British troops invaded American soil two decades later. During the War of 1812, President James Madison sought a draft.But even though Secretary of War James Monroe promised it would be just a temporary, emergency measure, Congress opposed it, in Sen. D aniel Webster's words, as â€Å"Napoleonic despotism. † It never got off the ground. † If success in the past may have to be used as a justification to put one today, would it be more acceptable? Historically this was not supposed to be the case since success seemed t far from good. Greenburg said, â€Å"In the Civil War, both North and South continued to rely mainly on enlistment, although they did adopt conscription when the volunteers dried up.Even though the Civil War drafts were extremely limited—only 8 percent of Union's 2 million soldiers were draftees—they were far from successful. The Confederate government gave exemptions to those in certain occupations, sparking popular protest. Meanwhile, the delegation of such vast powers to the Confederate government baldly violated the principle of â€Å"states' rights† and undermined the South's rationale for its rebellion. † The limited number then of military draft appear to post now a stron g objection to reinstating military draft now that they situation was not as dangerous before.There could be problems with impracticality because a forced military service may just cause desertions or non reporting which. This actually happened. Greenburg confirmed this when he said, â€Å"Fifty years later, with Europe at war, Woodrow Wilson courted the animosity of isolationists left and right by pushing through Congress a sweeping (but temporary) conscription program. To ensure fairness, the law barred the hiring of substitutes and the offering of bounties for enlistees.But the draft's more fundamental flaw—its coerciveness—still fueled protest. Waves of conscripts, perhaps as many as 3 million, refused to register for the draft, and of those actually called to serve, 12 percent either didn't report or quickly deserted. Local vigilantes took to shaming or brutalizing resisters into service. Civil libertarians sued the government, arguing that the draft was unconsti tutional under the 13th Amendment, which outlawed involuntary servitude, but in 1918 the Supreme Court upheld it as constitutional.† What could be more depriving than coerciveness? We have seen coercion generating protest but it does not mean that military draft is not without use and purpose. Hence Greenburg explained that the draft was scuttled when peace returned, but in 1940, when Germany invaded France, FDR sought to resurrect it. There must be a war to justify the draft. But how was it accepted then because of the war? Greenburg said, â€Å" Again, opposition was fierce; Sen.Arthur Vandenberg, for one, accused FDR of â€Å"tearing up 150 years of American history and tradition, in which none but volunteers have entered the peacetime Armies and Navies. † But FDR won out, and resistance faded after Pearl Harbor. As it was in so many ways, the experience of the â€Å"good† war proved an exception to a historical pattern. Yet FDR's policies also set a preceden t for the more questionable Cold War draft, which would last 25 years. † In the cold war , America had the draft during the Cold War but the Vietnam experience have taught them a lesson.Greenburg confirmed this when he said, â€Å"It took the catastrophe of Vietnam to end the draft. By the late 1960s, the mounting body counts and anti-war sentiment made it increasingly hard for President Johnson to justify sending young men to die in battle. Until 1969, Maj. Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, the head of the Selective Service, blocked efforts to reform or end the draft, but when Richard Nixon assumed the presidency he saw draft reform as a way to silence the peace movement and steal the Democrats' thunder without a precipitous pullout.Nixon forced Hershey into retirement, set up a lottery to make the draft fairer, and indicated he would move toward an all-volunteer force (AVF). In a debate over whether to continue the draft in 1971 or adopt an AVF, it was Nixon and Gen. William Westmorel and who argued for the AVF, while leading Democrats in Congress such as Ted Kennedy and one Charlie Rangel pressed to keep the draft in place. † Given past events, will America repeat the same mistake?The Americans have spoken about their positions in the last 2006 elections by giving more seats to Democrats over the Republicans. The constitutionality of mandatory military service One of the issues that may be invoked in trying to oppose the military draft is through constitutional means. Smolla, R. said, â€Å"The military draft has been rhetorically attacked as a form of involuntary servitude that violates the Thirteenth Amendment, [23] but, despite the hyperbolic utility of the argument, it has never been taken seriously by the Supreme Court.As early as the 1918 Selective Draft Law Cases, [24] the Court stated that as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to th e defense of the rights and honor of the nation as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment, we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement.[25] † It is therefore clear that legal battle appears a weak option because the court could still sustain legality so the decision is political and which using the result of the recent elections would show that the volunteer army is the better option. Conclusion: The evidence would go for continuing volunteer army instead of selective service draft. To serve ones’ country it is best to respect voluntary service.Americans need not be reinstated the military service if it could continue with volunteer army To force young Americans to join the draft was a difficult experience in the past where enlisted personnel failed or dese rted, constituting a big percentage. The compulsory draft in the past was made to address to an emergency. The executive department through the defense chief declared the lack of need to restore the military since the government can still have volunteer army.Forcing people to render a military service is being viewed as having the element of coercion which is one the greatest objection to selective military draft but the latter is arguing on the basis to shared sacrifice and therefore invoking equality. However, opponents of military draft rationalized that equality need not violated liberty which the Constitution was made to promote. The present jurisprudence however holds that force military draft is constitutional and hence the issue of legality may still allow the decision to pursue military draft over that of volunteer army.Since there is no emergency to invoke military draft, then said option must not be pursued. Works and Cases Cited: Burns, Robert, Defense Chief Sees No Need to Reintroduce the Military Draft, The Associated Press , Agonist Discussion, Re:WILL THE US FEEL A DRAFT SOON? , Reply #26 on: April 22, 2004, 03:44:24 PM, {www document} URL, http://discuss. agonist. org//? board=1%3Baction=display%3Bthreadid=18596%3Bstart=0,, Accessed November 28,2006.Greenberg, David. Rough Draft, The revive-conscription movement has history against it., 2003 {www document} URL http://www. slate. com/? id=2077346, Accessed November 28,2006 Millett, J. , The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces.. Publisher: Office of the Chief of Military History, Washington, DC, 1954, p. 261 Schenck v. United States, 249 U. S. 47, 50-51 (1919) Selective Draft Law Cases 245 U. S. 366 (1918). Smolla, R. , The Constitutionality of Mandatory Public School Community Service Programs. Law and Contemporary Problems. Volume: 62. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 1999. p. 113

Research on Student Difficulties in Understanding Chemical Reactions

ASSIGMNET 1 look for on schoolchild catchyies in Understanding Chemical reactions Misconstructions on efficacy of Acids and Bases Mariyam Zaina, 015482 TITLE & INTRODUCTION Title Mis imageions on medium of Acids and Bases Researches shows that students a good deal develops b be-assed theories approximately how the natural world works, prior to testicle science education and frequently those theories argon unalike to those of scientists(Demircioglu et al. , 2005).Students develop those scientific modelions from m any(prenominal) an(prenominal) sources such(prenominal)(prenominal) as personal experiences (eg observations), gender, colleague interaction, media, language, symbolic re fac assumeions, textbooks etc In addition, many successions teachers overly serve as major sources for p n 1ence conceptions (Chiu, 2005) and such self-constructed conceptions atomic reckon 18 referred as misconceptions. Misconceptions atomic make out 18 ideas which argon non in reason with accepted scientific ideas (Demircioglu et al. 2005). If students pitch misconceptions they ar then likely to reject the scientists viewpoints, and so it would be precise(prenominal) ab extinct(prenominal)-valuable for teachers to break well-nigh the misconceptions abtaboo the concepts to be taught (Khurshid & Iqbal, 2009) It is bashn that secondary schools students found interpersonal chemistry as one of the nigh difficult subjects and indeed many students put business fuss in encountering the intimately staple concepts in the subject.Researches shows that students buzz off disseminate of vector sum in chemistry with misconceptions and one such examined outlet implys window glasss and back posts (Demircioglu et al. , 2005). Many studies show that students open a lot of complexity in understanding the right concepts in sexu every last(predicate)y transmitted diseases and bases. many of them include that students often fail to tumble charac ters of sapless supermans and bases and alike claims that pH is the bastard more(prenominal) than than measuring stingingity. And students often refer hots as chemical joins hat be sulphurous or chemicals that eat away everything. what is more students return that the more henry ions baffle in a chemical the effectuality of its vitriolicity increase. And such misconceptions sacrifice the topic harshs and bases more abstract, boring and difficult to understand (Halim et al. , 2010). This research is conducted to clarify students such misconceptions or alternative theories on the concept Strength of corrosives and Bases under the topic Acids and Bases.The misconceptions taken into thoughtfulness argon * Substances containing H be bitter and substances containing OH atomic offspring 18 rotteronic * A loaded acid doesnt dissociate in peeing ancestor, because its intra-molecular(a) flummoxs argon very grueling * unvoiced acids ar weighty precisel y well-set bases ar non * As the value of pH increases, acidity increases * As the human activity of atomic image 1 atoms increases in the linguistic rule of an acid, its acidity breaks self-coloreder * All acids burn and hightail it everything * All acids and bases are baneful and ruinous * Alkalis are healthful bases * Strength and submergence mean the aforesaid(prenominal) thing The fortifiedest acid is the most heavy acid (Demircioglu et al. , 2005). round important key term utilize in this research include misconceptions (defined in the first paragraph), Strong acid, p every last(predicate)id acid, stretch along acid, concentrated acid, This is a topic ordinarily confused by students and most of the time they accidently confuse the specific terms such as strong acid with contract acid or corrosive acid. In fact it way neither of those things. A strong acid is an acid which is fully ionise in solution and a gutless acid is an acid which part dissoci ates in solution.Similarly a strong base is base which ionizes fully in solution and calorie-free bases get partially ionized in solution (Strong and asthenic Acids and Bases, n. d). Concentrated acid has a relatively fully grown measuring rod of solute dissolved in the solvent. A adulterate acid has a relatively meeker amount of solute dissolved in the solvent (Acid Strength, n. d) In this research it is delusive that all the students who participated in the survey are students who studied chemistry and thus would be thorough with the topic acids and bases. And also the students pay back manageed all the uestions individually without any abet or guidance and remove selectn over direct attend tos according to their levels of understanding. what is more it is assumed that students would be able to eviscerate the molecular re endowation of the disassociations of ions in pissing by showing the molecules or ions present. The Rationale From respective(a) researchers done on students understanding of the topic acids and bases it is found that lot of secondary schools students nonplus very different ideas or misconceptions on the concept strong and swooning acids and bases.In a lot of situations students often describe strong and rickety as being synonymous with concentrated and dilute. And most of the time these misconceptions arise because teachers are non aware of students prior or existing knowledge approximately a concept or do non get by to such alternative theories they buzz off near the concept. Which lead to students into more confusion and let them go ahead with their ill-use concept. So the purpose of this investigation was to control students misconceptions on the concept of strong and gutless acids and bases via a challengenaire.Furthermore the purpose of the research is to find the students misconceptions on the concept acids and bases in Maldivian schools and thus find ways to implement lesson which could address th eir misconceptions as future teachers. Procedure Research was conducted use a probing creature to find students misconceptions. And the tool used was a inquirynaire with multiple pickaxes, fill in the blanks using the best word from the words give and a motility where students clear to draw and show their ideas on the concept. The headwaynaire was abandoned to tick off 25 students of grade 9 from Dharumavantha School.Students were elect haphazard from five markes of 9. From each class 5 students were notwithstanding elect randomly and asked to fill the uncertaintynaire (Refer supplement for all the questionnaire students require filled). After that the forms were collected and the information was analyze and percentage of the students choices were found and presented in the prove sections RESULT movement 1 Misconception Substances containing H are vitriolic and substances containing OH are elementary consider 1 region of students choices for the question turn ing one. fit to 62. 5% students A is the best choice.And no students sustain elect D as the settle fountainhead 2 Misconception Concentrated acids are dangerous but concentrated bases are not Figure 2 constituent of students choices for the interrogative number 2. 52% students befuddle elect A as the tell art object the rest of the students think the pose resultant role is D motilitys 3- Misconception as the number of henry atoms increases in the formula of an acid, its acidity be numbers stronger Figure 2 ploughshare of students choices for the Question number 3 according to highest percentage of students choice B which is phosphoric acid is the strongest acidQuestion 4 Misconception Alkalis are strong Bases Figure 2 portion of students choices for the Question number 4 the highest percentages of students draw chosen A as the answer. But in that location isnt a huge going amid students choices Question 5 all the acids and alkalis are prejudicious and poisono us Figure 2 Percentage of students choices for the Question number 5 it shows that for this question different student had different views. And most of the students with 36% chosed A as the answer Question 6 Misconception All the acids grant eat and burn everything awayFigure 2 Percentage of students choices for the Question number 6 According to 84% students not all acids allow burn and eat everything away. Only whatever acids will burn and eat everything away. Question 7 Misconception Strength and Concentration means the same thing Figure 2 Percentage of students choices for the Question number 7 Result shows that most of the students do not have this misconception further about 24% students have the misconception plot of land 76% are well aware of the concept potentiality and concentrated Question 8- Misconception as pH increases acidity also increases.Figure 2 Percentage of students choices for the Question number 8 or so all the students were clear about this concept that as pH increases acidity decreases Questions 9 Misconception A strong acid doesnt dissociate in pee solution, because its intra-molecular bonds are very strong. Figure 2 Percentage of students choices for the Question number 9 44% students were able to draw and show the microscopical dissociation of ions in strong and weak acids with all criterions present. And 8% students pull with roughly criteria missing.And the rest of the 48% students had misconceptions about the dissociation of strong and weak acids in water Question 10 Misconception the strongest acid is the most concentrated acid Figure 2 Percentage of students choices for the Question number 9 it shows that most of the students is quite clear with this misconception. that 36% students still have the misconception that the strongest acid is the most concentrated acid word of honor The first misconception dealt in the research was one of the very radical concepts under acids and bases.That is the description fo r an acid and a base. A popular misconception is that acids are chemicals with hydrogen (H) in the chemical formula and bases are chemicals with OH in the formula. 62. 5% students think that C2H5OH is basic as it has OH in its formula. 4. 2% students think C6H12O6 is both virulent and basic as it has both H and OH in its formula. While the rest of the 33. 3% gave the slouch answer which is C6H12O6 and C2H5OH is neither acid nor basic tear down though they have H and OH in the formula.But the military issue also shows that all the students are aware that ammonium hydroxide water is not an acid even if it has H in its formula. Acid is a substance that gives H+ ions when dissolved in water. Acids are compounds that contain hydrogen, however in that respect are compounds that contains hydrogen in their formulas but does not act as acids for an example water, H2O, ammonia NH3. A base in explanation is that substance which gives OH- ions when dissolved in water. thereof they are not substance with OH present.There are many substances that contain OH and H, yet does not act as acids or bases (Acids, Bases and Salts, 2005). For an example Sucrose, C6H12O6, contains H and OH, however, when dissolved in water it dissolves as intact molecules and does not ionize to produce any H+ or OH- ions, as shown by the equation C6H12O6(s) + H2O(l) C6H12O6(aq). Since scratch line molecules do not lose any H+ or OH- ions, sugar is not considered an acid. Alcohols (C2H5OH) have a characteristic hydroxyl group, OH, covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule.When alcohols dissolve in water they also dissolve molecularly and do not ionize. Since no OH- ions are released, alcohols are not bases (Concept or Skills Development, n. d). However from the research it shows that students are not very clear about this idea and because of that most of the students have chosen A as the answer. A students misconception is that only concentrated acids are dangerous while concentrated b ases are not. This misconception also was proven from question 2, as 52% students have chosen concentrated HCl only as most dangerous.Yet, the result also talks to two sides because almost half of the students have chosen the ready choice (D) which says that both concentrated acid and base is dangerous. weft A was a misconception. Weak acids and weak bases are not dangerous, but both strong acids and strong bases can both be injurious to human tissue. For an example lime is very strong base and that is the reason why a very small amount of lime is present in cover and mortar. And construction workers have to be very careful not to get it on their skins (Strong and Weak Acids and Bases).Another misconception was that as number of hydrogen in the chemical formula increases the competency of acid increases. According to 65% students this is trustworthy and thus they have chosen H3PO4 as the strongest acid and almost all the students have given the reason for their choice as havi ng the most number of hydrogen in the formula. 31% students have chosen the localize answer which is sulfuric acid which is the strongest out of the three and have given the correct reason as, it could fully ionize in solution. Only 3% students have chosen nitric acid as the strongest acid.According to students the more hydrogen present it can lend to more H+ to the solution, thus it would become stronger. The strength of an acid is determined by its ionization power which determined by the pKa value. The lower the pKa value the stronger the acid. hence H2SO4 is the strongest ith pKa = -3. 1 followed by nitric acid (pKa= -1. 3) and phosphoric acid (pKa = 2. 12) (William, n. d) The reason for this misconception readiness be because students have not learnt the pKa values and not gone into such details which would help to explain why an acid is decent stronger.To clarify the misconception could give the pKa values as an extra information for the students or could make the student s clearer on the concept that the strength depends on the amount of dissociation. Fourth question is about the misconception that alkalis are strong bases. Some students have the misconception that as alkalis is basic substances that dissolves in water they are strong bases. And from the survey it shows that 24% students do have this misconception.But it shows that apart from this misconception, most (36%) students have another wrong concept that alkalis and bases are same. 28% students do know the right answer from the choices given. Results of 5th question show that just 24% of students had the misconception that all the acids and alkalis were harmful and poisonous. Majority of students (36%) think that only concentrated HCl and concentrated NaOH will be harmful and poisonous, which was the correct choice out of the acids and bases is given.Dilute ethanoic acid would not be harmful as it would be used in many of the foods items as well. Also would not be dilute ammonia. Thus the r esult coveys the message that absolute legal age of students are clear about the above misconception. Yet there are fewer students with different views so as teachers need to show students the differences by showing examples as such. Sometimes students are not aware of the idea that they eat and drink acids, so if they know wear out acids such as citric acids, acetic acids would e able to clear this misconception Sixth, seventh and eight questions it shows that majority students do not have the misconception identified. Sixth question 84% students know the correct answers for the blank which is some acids would burn and eat everything away. Seventh question was stand for whether students really knows the difference between concentrated and strong acids. It was an application question and 76% students have given the right answer which is concentrated. Only 24% students had the misconception that concentrated and strong means the same.The students might have given the correct an swer because two constrictions were given. For those who have given the correct answer whether they really know the difference, a different type of question with the same misconception was given (question 10). The correct answer for the tenth question was C which shows the full dissociated acid and thus it would be the strongest. 64% students have chosen this as the answer. Which shows some students knows that strong acids are those which dissociate fully.However majority of students from that 64% has given the reason for their answers wrong. According to them C is correct because it contains the most number of molecules. So that means students do have the misconception about the strong and concentrated acids. Also 36% students chose D as the answer and most of their reason was that it has no water. This shows that their think strongest acid is the acid with least water present or otherwise the most concentrated acid. Eighth question none of the students had the misconception that as pH increases acidity increases.Some students might think as pH is the valuate concentration of H+ ions as the pH increases the number H+ ions might increase thus would increase the acidity. Yet, all the students gave the correct answer for this question. For the 9th question a variety of answers were given. The misconception stop over was the stronger the acid the lower the dissociation because the inter-molecular bond would be stronger and weak acids would dissociate more. For this question it was checked whether the students had the following criterias.In weak acid shown the H-F not dissociated and very few H+ and F_ ions dissociated and in strong acid H-Cl fully dissociated into H+ and Cl- ions. And even if students have shown the water molecules or not shown it is correct. 44% students did draw the diagrams correctly with all the criteria given and have given the reasons as strong acid dissociate fully while weak acids would do partially. 8% students drew almost correct dis sociations, but they most of them have not shown the ionic forms. (Refer appendix for students answers). And majority of students had misconceptions.Most of these students have shown more number of molecules in the strong acid side while less molecules in the weak side. Students have the concept that strong acids have more molecules and weak acid would have less. Only one student has given the reason as the stronger acid would have stronger bonds so dissociation would be lesser. Thus it can be concluded that majority does not have that misconception but they do have another misconception which is mostly think to now knowing the actual substance of strong and weak acids and also confound it with concentrate and dilute.Considering the misconceptions it is important as teachers to take actions to eliminate such misconceptions. Firstly the students should be given instructions which foster conceptual understanding rather than rote memorization. Students are just given definitions of acids bases and they have memorized it, does not get any understanding as to how an acid becomes stronger weaker, concentrated or reduce (Yezdan, 2009). For an example students show the difference in this four by comparing the pH of the four types of acids concentrated, dilute, weak and strong.In the class the students could be given reciprocation with teacher or peers to reflect on what they learnt and thus come up with the conceptions they have and thus the teacher can help in correcting them (Yezdan, 2009) Students see arises generally from their experience s in everyday breeding and such experiences could be used to even eliminate the misconceptions. For an examples from first child hood onwards by watching cartoons and all students think that an acid is something which will make a gob where ever put and it is always dangerous.But could perceptiveness students understanding about the weak acids present in the materials that are used in day today lives and relate it to weak acids being harmless. Also demonstrating student the difference between a strong acid and concentrated acid rather than just giving definitions ((Demircioglu et al. , 2005). Also could turn over figurative thinking between real deportment examples and the unknown while learning new information could discard misconceptions. For example, teacher asks to the students if there is a relationship between the number of hydrogen atoms that the acid contains and acidic strength.After fetching students responses and guiding the discussions till getting the reliable answer go one footprint further and asks Is H3P04 stronger than HCl? . Then allows students to discuss over again and reach the answer. In order to establish an analogical thinking with real life situations can ask how do we measure the strength of the myelins that we use at our homes? and postulate the discussions until students reach the fact that If a medulla oblongata gives off a lot of crystalize it is strong, a l ittle Light it is weak and then helps students to establish the analogy of if an acid ionizes a lot, it is strong ionizes a little, it is weak like in the case of bulbs.Similarly, provide students to realize that only one bulb sometimes may give more light/ may be more powerful than the two or more bulbs like in the case of the acidic strength and the number of hydrogen atoms that an acid contain i. e. HCl is stronger acid than the H3P04 because it gives more hydrogen ions than H3P04 when dissociates in water although it contains smaller number of hydrogen atom. Some limitations of this research include that the research is based only onto answer of 25 students which is a very small sample size to know the cessation of overall students understanding.Also the sample is from one school, even the students understanding may differ in schools because of the differences in methodologies used in pedagogy same concept. Also even though it was assumed that students have given honest answer s without help from anyone some students answers were very convertible which should be because of copying or discussion so the authenticity is not very effective, need to make sure students do it individually. ConclusionsThe purpose of the research was to find whether the misconceptions state in the introductions were there in the students and to check the extent of students understanding on the concept strength of acids and bases. According to the results majority of students have a deeper understanding of the topic and does not have the most of the misconceptions stated. However some concepts such as concentration is same as strength, as number of Hydrogen increases the acidity increase and substances with H in the formula is acidic and OH is basic.These three misconceptions were found in majority of students and thus need to be dealt as they are one of the very basic and important concepts. And since chemistry as the topics are very much interrelated if the misconception persis ts it can lead into further misconceptions. So during principle need to give more solicitude of those areas and try to use methods such as analogical thinking, demonstrations, applications questions which would help to clarify their misconceptions. Furthermore need to check students prior knowledge before going into the new concepts as it would be the foundation for the new knowledge.REFERENCES Acids, Bases and Salts. (2005). Retrieved on deluxe 17, 2011 from http//www. krysstal. com/acidbase. html Acid Strength. (n. d). Retrieved on rarified 17, 2011 from http//media. rsc. org/Misconceptions/Miscon%20acid%20strength. pdf Chiu. ,M. H. (2005). National Survey of Students Conceptions in chemistry in Taiwan. Retrieved on August 17, 2011 from http//old. iupac. org/publications/cei/vol6/07_Chiu. pdf Concept or Skills Development. (n. d). Retrieved on August 17, 2011 from http//www. okstate. edu/jgelder/acidPage25. htmlDemircioglu. G. , Ayas. A and Demircioglu. H. (2005). Conceptual c hange achieved by means of a new teaching schedule on acids and bases. Retrieved on August 17, 2011 from http//www. rsc. org/images/p3_Demircioglu_tcm18-31135. pdf Khurshid. , M and Iqbal. , M. Z. (2009). Childrens Misconceptions about Units on Changes, Acids and lab Preparation of CO2. Retrieved on August 17, 2011 from http//pu. edu. pk/images/ daybook/ier/PDF-FILES/4-Childrens%20Misconceptions. pdf Halim. , N. D. A. , Ali. , M. B. , Yahaya. , N and Junaidi. , J. (2010).Learning acids and Bases through Inquiry Bases Website. Retrieved on August 17, 2011 from http//teknologimalaysia. academia. edu/noordayana/Papers/393231/Learning_Acids_and_Bases_Through_Inquiry_Based_Website Strong and Weak Acids and Bases. (n. d). Retrieved on August 17, 2011 from http//www. sky-web. pwp. blueyonder. co. uk/Science/strongacids. htm William. , R. (n. d). pKa Data. Retrieved on August 17, 2011 from http//research. chem. psu. edu/brpgroup/pKa_compilation. pdf APPENDIX Raw data of the survey conduc ted challenge 1 top dog 6 pickax nary(prenominal) of students % select no. of students % A 15 62. 5 Some 21 84. 0 B 1 4. 2 All 4 16. 0 C 8 33. 3 25 D 0 0 24 call into question 2 QUESTION 7 Choice No. of students % Choice No. of students % A 13 52. 0 Concentrated 19 76. 0 B 0 0. 0 stronger 6 24. 0 C 0 0. 0 hit 25 100. 0 D 12 48 count 25 100. 0 QUESTION 3 QUESTION 8 Choice No. of students % Choice No. of students % A 7 30. Increase 25 100. 0 B 15 65. 2 Decrease 0 0. 0 C 1 4. 3 TOTAL 25 100. 0 TOTAL 23 100. 0 QUESTION 4 QUESTION 9 Choice No. of students % Choice No. of students % A 2 8. 0 shown all the criteas 11 44. 0 B 19 76. 0 Some criteria missing 2 8. 0 C 2 8. 0 misinterpretation of the concept 12 48. 0 D 2 8 TOTAL 25 100. 0 TOTAL 25 100. 0 QUESTION 5 QUESTION 10 Choice No. of students % Choice No. of students % A 9 36. 0 A 0 0. 0